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ANNIVERSARY
July 18, 1936: The Spanish Civil War


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Republican militiamen and women parading in the streets, 1936. L'Illustration collection.


Spain, 17 and 18 July, 1936. Right-wing military rebels organized a coup against the Spanish Republic. Although unable to fulfill their objectives, the coup led to a Civil War which lasted three years. More than 450,000 people died; killed through fighting, by bombs, by assassination, or victims of epidemics. Spain was devastated. Hundreds of houses and churches were destroyed and villages entirely ravaged. In March 1939, the war came to an end with victory by the Nationalists. General Franco established a dictatorship which lasted until his death in 1975.

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The fights

From July 1936, Spanish people toof sides and armed themselves: Republicans were loyal to the Republic, Nationalists, supported the monarchy. Fightings was intense to hold a city or to conquer it (Siege of Madrid, Siege of the Alcazar in Toledo, Battle of Majorca, etc).

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The leaders

Leaders, officers and generals associated with the Spanish Civil War. General Franco, President Azaña, Commander Mola, they all played an important part in the conflict.

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The refugees

Over three years, hundreds of families, mostly Republican, escaped the fighting and found shelter in France or abroad: they were called the refugees and exiled of the Spanish Civil War. In total, about 450,000 crossed the French border.

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Women

After the coup, several revolutionary movements broke out in Spain. In certain regions there was a social revolution, partly led by women. They wanted to show their conviction by enlisting in the militia, fighting or participating in the movement 'Mujeres Libres'.

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